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1. Twister Os On Windows 10
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3. Key Twister Mac Os Download
4. Twister Os Download

Twister is free software for experimental peer-to-peermicroblogging. Being completely decentralized means that no one is able to shut it down, as there is no single point to attack. The system uses end-to-end encryption to safeguard communications.^[6] It is based on both BitTorrent and Bitcoin-like protocols^[7] and is considered a (distributed) Twitter clone.^[8][9]

The Command key was formerly represented by an Apple logo. The Apple logo is one fo the few symbols here that can be easily typed with a typical keyboard layout: ⌥⇧K. There is also an Fn modifier on modern Mac keyboards. Typically, this isn't seen in keyboard shortcuts because it's primarily used to access keys F1 through F20. The successor to Raspbian 95, Raspbian XP, and other themed Pi operating systems, Twister OS is based on Raspberry Pi OS and features the Xfce desktop environment. A selection of desktop themes, inspired by Windows and Mac operating systems, are preinstalled.

Overview[edit]

Twister is a Twitter-like microblogging platform that utilizes the same blockchain technology as Bitcoin, and the file exchange method from BitTorrent, both based on P2P technologies.

Twister is experimental software in alpha phase, implemented as a distributed file sharing system. User registration and authentication is provided by a Bitcoin-like network, so it is completely distributed and does not depend on any central authority. Distribution of posts uses Kademliadistributed hash table (DHT) network and BitTorrent-like swarms, both provided by libtorrent.^[10] Included versions of both Bitcoin and libtorrent are highly patched, and intentionally not interoperable with the already existing networks.

Miguel Freitas, aiming to build a censor-resistant public posting platform,^[11] began development on Twister in July 2013 to address the concerns of free speech and privacy. Building off the work of Bitcoin and Bittorrent, he was able to have the core working by October 2013. Lucas Leal was hired to create HTML and CSS for the user interface, with Miguel writing required JavaScript code. 2,500 user accounts were registered in the first six days of operation.^[12]

As a completely decentralized network, no one is capable of incapacitating Twister since there is not a unique point of attack to the system. Twister uses end-to-end encryption to protect the communications. Furthermore, Twister is designed to prevent other users from knowing your GSM localization, IP address, and who you are following. Users can publish public messages as with other microblogging platforms, but when they send direct messages and private messages to other users, these are protected from unsolicited access.

History[edit]

The Brazilian computer engineer and programmer, Miguel Freitas, started developing the new social network after learning about the massive spy programs of the USA's National Security Agency (NSA) as revealed by the NSA whistle-blower Edward Snowden. He started to worry about the accessibility of that amount of information under the control of a single company under American jurisdiction.

According to Freitas, Twitter has been the social network that has helped the most to promote democracy and to organize protests, as the magazine 'Wired' claims. He believes that massive surveillance by the likes of the NSA makes it dangerous to provide personal information to the social networks that currently exist. For this reason he decided to build a new system based on privacy-preserving technology.

Freitas used to believe that in the future, social networks would be based on decentralized protocols and with no central point of control. But on learning that existing social networks were already massively compromised by the state he began to take action with the development an alternative service based closely on Twitter.

After a while, Miguel and his developer, Lucas Leal, considered the alpha version of the application for Android, Linux and OS X. The versions for Windows and iPhone aren’t planned, but, since it is open source, any of them is free to migrate the application for other operating systems.

Even though the project is in this moment in alpha phase, Brian Armstrong, co-founder of Coinbase, believes that it is a great example of how the open protocol of Bitcoin can be used with diverse purposes.^{[citation needed]}

Technology[edit]

Protocols[edit]

Twister is a distributed system, it works as a peer-to-peer program. Unlike other decentralized networks (like pump.io / Identi.ca, StatusNet / GNU social or Diaspora), it doesn't require you to use your own server or doesn’t require you to trust on a third one in order to use it.

Bitcoin[edit]

This is achieved through the bitcoin protocol (not through the net used by the cryptocurrency). Basically, the protocol handles the register of users and the accesses. In the same way the miners verify the transactions on the bitcoin network to secure that no one makes a double spent, Twister network verifies the users names and that the messages belonging to a specific user are really from that user.

BitTorrent[edit]

The messages are driven through the BitTorrent protocol. This allows keeping a distribution system of a great number of messages along the network in a fast and efficient way; and also, allows the users to receive notifications almost instantly about new messages and alerts – all of it without the necessity of a central server.

Since Twister uses end-to-end encryption, if intercepted the private direct messages cannot be read by any other person apart from the addressee. The code used is the elliptic curve cryptography (different from the one used by NSA) that is used in Bitcoin. It is thought to give a security level similar to a RSA code of 3072 bits. The data isn’t stored anywhere, so it can’t be used by any other cut. As a consequence, if you lose your entry password, it is impossible for you to access your private messages.

Because it is a peer-to-peer system, there isn’t a central server from which your publications may be compiled (see PRISM). As Freitas explains, the system is designed in a way that the users can’t know if the other is online, their IP address, or what messages have been read. This information isn’t registered anywhere. Despite this, Freitas warns to the users that anonymity may not be total depending on the circumstances.

Platforms[edit]

Twister was developed under the Linux environment.

Freitas has migrated successfully the system to Android and OS X.

Another long-term interesting objective would be moving the whole cryptographic code of the implementation to the interface of the user of the browser. This way, the users would be capable of accessing Twister through any client platform that they use, choosing any third server and still maintaining the security of their private passwords at all times.

Functionality[edit]

The first Twister prototype is intended for reproducing the basic characteristics of any microblogging platform. Including:

• Search of users and profiles of navigation
• Follow / Unfollow
• Sending of text messages limited to 140 characters
• Broadcasting and answering messages
• Browsing through mailing routes, mentions, hashtags and direct messages (private)

The private messages require the addressee to be follower of the speaker, which is a common requisite in most of the existing platforms.

Some other characteristics can be difficult to implement in a completely decentralized system, requiring more effort. This includes the arbitrary register of the words in the posts and the recompilation of hashtaghs to find out the main tendencies.

Security[edit]

Twister uses the same parameters of elliptic curves as Bitcoin: secp256k1. This isn’t the curve that was usually implicated by the NSA, called sec256r1. A 256 bits of Public-key cryptography (no comprometido), ECC must proportionate a security similar to a key RSA of 3072 bits (at least that is what is said by the experts) .

They usually stimulate the people who try to break the security in the systems with something that everyone desires, money. There are millions of $ USD on the table, coded with keys secp256k1 Bitcoin.

The direct application of messages encoding is based on an example code that was published on the Internet by Ladar Levison of Lavabit. It is known that Ladar took his service down because he denied cooperating with the US government that allows the control of all its clients.

Decentralized Net[edit]

Twister is a platform of microbloggingpeer-to-peer.This means that the communication is established between computers without going through a central node that would be the one who recorded the information.

There is not a company behind that provides the server or the machinery used, and that can detect in that case the conversations.

Censored[edit]

People who run a node can delete your posts in the DHT, but not block your account.

Completely private[edit]

Due to the fact that the messages are sent directly from a user to another, without going through a central node, and also, in an encrypted way, – from beginning to end, it is encrypted on the exit and decrypted on the arrival – they travel in a private way through the web as a black-box. Besides, the IP directions are also protected.

Anonymity[edit]

In this application, our IP (the direction of our machine to go into the internet) is not recorded at any moment avoiding being followed by some entity or company.

According to Freitas, this guarantees the anonymity but does not mean that our IP won’t be detected from the ISP (Internet service provider) but that the content of the message won’t be visible except for some spy that knows how to decrypt breaking the algorithms.

In order to be 100% anonymous, you would have to use a browser that masks the IP such as Tor or another one similar protecting more against spies.

References[edit]

1. ^'FreshPorts -- net-p2p/twister'. https://www.freshports.org/. 2014-06-22. Retrieved 2014-08-29.External link in publisher= (help)CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
2. ^'Github Default build guide for Linux Twister'. http://twister.net.co/. 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2014-01-11.External link in publisher= (help)CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
3. ^'Github build guide for mac'. http://twister.net.co/. 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2014-01-11.External link in publisher= (help)CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
4. ^'Github build guide for mac'. http://twister.net.co/. 2014-07-08. Retrieved 2014-01-11.External link in publisher= (help)CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)^{[permanent dead link]}
5. ^'FAQ Guide by Twister'. http://twister.net.co/. 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2014-01-11.External link in publisher= (help)CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
6. ^Frediani, Carola (18 February 2014). 'Making 'NSA-Proof' Social Networking Mainstream'. Tech President. Retrieved 28 February 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
7. ^Epstein, Michael (3 February 2013). 'Cryptography Apps: How To Keep Your Personal Info Private'. Notebook Review. Retrieved 28 February 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
8. ^Finley, Klint (27 January 2014). 'Out in the Open: Teenage Hacker Transforms Web Into One Giant Bitcoin Network'. Wired. Retrieved 28 February 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
9. ^Lunduke, Bryan (21 January 2014). 'Previous Article Next Article Test-driving Twister: The NSA-proof Twitter clone'. Network World. Retrieved 28 February 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
10. ^Hasslberger, Sepp (26 January 2014). 'Coming soon: Twister – a distributed p2p microblogging platform'. P2P Foundation Blog. Retrieved 28 February 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
11. ^Miguel, Freitas (7 January 2014). 'Twister: The Fully Decentralized P2P Microblogging Platform'. Slashdot. Retrieved 28 February 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
12. ^'Twister: The Fully Decentralized P2P Microblogging Platform'. http://slashdot.org. 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2014-01-11.External link in publisher= (help)CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)

External links[edit]

Mac is a good option for whatever purpose you wish to use it. It won’t let you down, most of the times. However, there are some instances when your Mac will pose a certain issue and stop starting up properly. In this case, being familiar with the Mac Startup keys can help you a lot. Therefore, in this post, I will demonstrate everything you need to know about the 20 Most Important Mac Startup Keys. After knowing about them, you can use them anytime you need and get rid of the unwanted trouble.

Let’s begin our quest to learn about the Mac Startup keys.

Contents

• 1 What are Mac Startup Keys
  • 1.2 Some important things to remember

What are Mac Startup Keys

For a basic definition, using Mac startup keys simply means pressing a key or holding a combination of keys during startup to access certain features that are available at the time of booting.

Usually, your Mac works completely fine. Until the moment, it refuses to start up properly due to an unexpected system error, a poorly behaving app, a corrupted system component and some other threat. Also, if you consider a situation other than this, different people have different needs for starting up their computer.

As an example, you could be a geek who dual boots between OS X and Windows on a regular basis. On the other hand, there are users who want to boot a Mac from a disk other than their designated startup disk. Or, you are a casual user looking to isolate the cause of a software problem in the Safe Mode or, boot right into Recovery OS as the last option.

There can be several other scenarios too. Knowing about the Mac Startup keys will help you in all these situations.

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20 Important Mac Startup Keys & Combinations

This is a quick guide of the keyboard shortcuts you can use to access useful Mac OS X features which are only available at the time of booting.

If you want to boot your Intel-based Mac into any of OS X’s inbuilt startup modes, you must press and hold one or more keys detailed below after turning on the computer. Make sure you press the keys immediately after hearing the startup sound unless some other way is specified.

• Power (⎋): Manually restart
• C: Boot from CD/DVD
• Option (⌥): Startup Manager
• Command (⌘)—S: Single-User Mode
• T: Target Disk Mode
• Command (⌘)—V: Verbose Mode
• Shift (⇧): Safe Mode
• Command (⌘)—R: Recovery OS
• Command (⌘)—Option (⌥)—R: Internet Recovery OS
• D: Apple Hardware Test
• Option (⌥)—D: Apple Hardware Test over the Internet
• N: Boot from NetBoot server
• Option (⌥)—N: Boot from NetBoot server using the default image
• Media Eject, F12, mouse button or trackpad button: Eject removable media
• X: OS X Startup Volume- It will start up your Mac from an OS X startup volume when it’d otherwise boot from a non-OS X volume, like a Windows partition.
• Hold down the Shift (⇧) key after clicking the Log In button in OS X’s login window until the desktop appears: Prevent Login Items from opening- It will override your current settings and prevent Login Items and Finder windows from your last session from opening when you log in.
• Hold the left Shift (⇧) key after OS X’s boot progress indicator appears: Prevent automatic login- If you enabled the option to automatically log a specific OS X account every time your Mac starts up, you can override this setting with this shortcut.
• Command (⌘)—Option (⌥)—P—R, then release the keys after you hear the startup sound for the second time: Reset PRAM/NVRAM
• Shut down your Mac, and then press and hold the left-side Shift (⇧)—Control (⌃)—Option keys along with the Power (⎋) button, all at the same time, until the computer turns on. Now release the keys and then turn your Mac back on using the power button: Reset SMC

Some important things to remember

There are certain things which you should remember and know when you want to use the Mac Startup keys. These will make sure that you don’t mess things up and also make you inform against the incoming issues. An aspiring pro should always acquire additional information. Take a quick look at these.

The Startup Sounds

You should never turn the volume all the way down before restarting your Mac. Hearing the startup tunes other than the familiar startup sounds is the initial step in determining what might be causing issues that your computer is experiencing.

Other than the diagnosis part, Startup sounds are also important for using some of the Mac Startup keys. So, you should always keep the Startup chimes up to the audible stages.

Startup Key Combinations Not Responding

There are some Mac notebook models on which the startup key combinations might not respond under certain situations. For example, if you are using an early-2015 12-inch MacBook model and have an Apple’s Bluetooth keyboard connected to it, these key combinations will not work on your wireless keyboard.

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To solve this problem, you can simply use the MacBook’s built-in keyboard to get to Startup Manager, Recovery Mode, Single User Mode, Safe Mode and other features that are available at boot time.

Another solution is to connect any standard USB keyboard to your Mac via a USB-C adapter. This keyboard will make you able to use the Mac Startup keys without any hassle.

Don’t use the Startup Keys if you are in confusion

This might seem pretty obvious but it is actually important. If you have any kind of confusion in your mind or if you are unaware of the Startup keys, just don’t try to use them unless you have cleared the mist. Take a picture, screen capture it, screenshot it or put a bookmark at the Quick Guide of the Mac Startup keys present above, so you can use it as a reference any time you wish to use the keys.

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Conclusion

Knowing about the Mac Startup keys is very important if you want to explore the functionalities of Mac that are only available at the booting time. These were the 19 Most Important Mac Startup keys. For any doubts, queries or suggestions, feel free to visit the Comments section. Hope I helped you in some way.

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Key Twister! Mac OS